Friday, February 14, 2025

Alleged Bible Contradictions: Leviticus 19:33-34, Leviticus 25:35-37, And Deuteronomy 23:19-20

The Biblical sin of usury is not strictly about charging a certain percentage of interest, but about charging interest to certain parties (see Exodus 22:25 and Deuteronomy 23:19-20, for instance).  However, while Leviticus 19 says that foreigners must be treated the same as the native-born or Hebrews, Deuteronomy 23 clearly allows charging interest to foreigners, even as Leviticus 25 uses the example of not charging poor Israelites interest as being similar to how foreigners specifically should be treated.  The relationship between the verses in question is not as complicated as it might seem, but first, here are the portions of each chapter in view:


Leviticus 19:33-34--"'"When a foreigner resides among you in your land, do not mistreat them.  The foreigner residing among you must be treated as your native-born.  Love them as yourself, for you were foreigners in Egypt.  I am the Lord your God."'"

Leviticus 25:35-37--"'"If any of your fellow Israelites become poor and are unable to support themselves among you, help them as you would a foreigner and stranger, so they can continue to live among you.  Do not take interest or any profit from them, but fear your God, so that they may continue to live among you.  You must not lend them money at interest or sell them food at a profit."'"

Deuteronomy 23:19-20--"Do not charge a fellow Israelite interest, whether on money or food or anything else that may earn interest.  You may charge a foreigner interest, but not a fellow Israelite, so that the Lord your God may bless you in everything you put your hand to in the land you are entering to possess."


What Deuteronomy does not say is that interest must be charged to foreigners or that foreigners sin by charging Israelites interest, only that it is permissible for someone to charge interest to foreigners.  The real issue is whether Deuteronomy 23:19-20 truly contradicts Leviticus 19:33-34 and 25:35-37.  It is not as if Deuteronomy itself does not repeatedly affirm how foreigners are not to be mistreated, such as by discriminating against them in administering valid criminal and social justice (Deuteronomy 1:15-17, 10:18-19, 24:14-15, 17-22, 27:19).  In this, it absolutely is consistent with Exodus (Exodus 22:21, 23:9) and and a host of verses in Leviticus, including 19:33-34.

However, Leviticus 19:33-34 does teach that general foreigners are not to be treated as lesser people or subhuman or as anything other than fellow neighbors, in accordance with Genesis 1:27 and 5:1-2--and the logical falsity of racism/nationalism independent of the Bible.  Leviticus 25 already singles out charging interest to foreigners as sinful, if they are living among you.  There is no conceptual contradiction if the foreigners of Deuteronomy 23:19-20 are those not living in or traveling though Israel even though a host of other moral issues are not logically or Biblically capable of having these sorts of layers.

Simply put, unlike moral categories such as matters of unjust violence, which are addressed without any qualifications about where someone lives or their nationality or race (like in Genesis 9:6 or Exodus 21:26-32; see also Leviticus 24:19-22), or matters of worker exploitation, which are outright presented as intrinsic sins when committed against a native resident or foreigner (Deuteronomy 24:14-15), merely being charged or not charged interest as a foreigner living in a land separate from the debtor's own is not a matter of inherent immorality; instead, it is being charged interest by one's fellow countrypeople and by foreigners whom one is living among that is Biblically immoral.  The matter of human rights and universal moral obligation (Deuteronomy 4:5-8) is not charging people of one's own country and foreigners residing in one's community interest.

No comments:

Post a Comment